Malaria.com

When was malaria discovered?

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QUESTION
When did people first discover about malaria?

ANSWER
Humans have known about malaria as a disease for thousands of years. The earliest written record of malaria is from ancient China, 2700 BCE. The ancient Romans and Greeks also described the symptoms of malaria, though none of these ancient people knew the true cause or had identified specifically how it was transmitted. This was first achieved in the 19th century, first in 1880 by Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, who observed the parasites that cause malaria in the blood of a patient. A few years later, in 1897/1898, Ronald Ross discovered that the parasites were transmitted between hosts via mosquitoes, thus laying the foundations for future decades of malaria control efforts.

Coma and Malaria

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QUESTION

My sister is in a coma and doctors said its malaria. She is on life support system. Will she come out of it? The liver and kidneys have been affected.

ANSWER

Without more information, I am afraid it is impossible to know what the prognosis will be. Is she receiving treatment for the malaria? For cases of this severity, intravenous quinine is often the first-line treatment for malaria.

Malaria Relapse

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QUESTION

I had malaria in Papua New Guinea 40 years ago and had many relapses. I had one 11 years ago and was in hospital for 3 weeks. I have been to a massage therapist who used a hand machine giving out pulses rather strong a bit like tiny electric shots could this activate malaria?

ANSWER

The reasons why malaria relapses are not well known. Malaria acquired in different places tends to have different relapse times (faster in the tropics, less frequent in sub-tropical or temperate regions) and there is also some evidence that being bitten again by mosquitoes can trigger relapse. I am not aware of any evidence that electric pulses could trigger relapse, but likewise cannot discount the possibility! On another note, there is medicine that can be taken to prevent further relapse, by killing the dormant liver forms of the malaria parasite. It is called primaquine, and is only effective is taken exactly as prescribed for a 2 week period. Some people with G6DP deficiency may also not be recommended this medicine, so before prescribing it, your doctor should test you for this deficiency.

Malaria Transmission

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QUESTION

Can one get malaria through contact with the infected person or is it airborne?

ANSWER

Malaria cannot be transmitted through direct contact with an infected person, nor is it airborne! It is actually transmitted directly via the bite of an infected mosquito. Only certain female mosquitoes, of the genus Anopheles, can carry malaria. The mosquito picks up the malaria parasite (there are five different types of malaria that infect humans, though all are transmitted in exactly the same way) when it feeds on the blood of an infected person. The parasite then undergoes a cycle of reproduction in the mosquito, before new parasites migrate once again to the mosquitoes salivary glands. From here, they are able to escape into the blood of a new human host when the mosquito takes another blood meal by biting the person.

Since malaria is transmitted by blood, there have been a some reports of malaria transmission via organ donor or blood transfusion, though most countries now screen for malaria before using donated blood or organs. Additionally, if a pregnant woman gets malaria, the parasite can be passed to her baby either across the placenta or during delivery; this is called “congenital malaria”, and can be quite harmful to the baby. As such, and also because pregnant women themselves are especially vulnerable to malaria, many campaigns have dedicated themselves to providing pregnant women with long-lasting insecticide treated bednets and other measures to prevent and treat malaria.

Malaria Infection

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QUESTION

How can you get infected with malaria?

ANSWER

Malaria is transmitted directly via the bite of an infected mosquito. Only certain female mosquitoes, of the genus Anopheles, can carry malaria. The mosquito picks up the malaria parasite (there are five different types of malaria that infect humans, though all are transmitted in exactly the same way) when it feeds on the blood of an infected person. The parasite then undergoes a cycle of reproduction in the mosquito, before new parasites migrate once again to the mosquitoes salivary glands. From here, they are able to escape into the blood of a new human host when the mosquito takes another blood meal by biting the person.

Since malaria is transmitted by blood, there have been a some reports of malaria transmission via organ donor or blood transfusion, though most countries now screen for malaria before using donated blood or organs. Additionally, if a pregnant woman gets malaria, the parasite can be passed to her baby either across the placenta or during delivery; this is called “congenital malaria”, and can be quite harmful to the baby. As such, and also because pregnant women themselves are especially vulnerable to malaria, many campaigns have dedicated themselves to providing pregnant women with long-lasting insecticide treated bednets and other measures to prevent and treat malaria.

Malaria Detection

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QUESTION

what’s the newest form of malaria detection?

ANSWER

While the traditional form of malaria detection has been through microscopy of a blood film slide, two new technologies have recently emerged. The first is the use of reagent strips, which are impregnated with molecules that bind to various other proteins present in the blood during a malaria infection. These reagent strips are usually manufactured as part of a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) kit, whereby a patient only has to provide a single drop of blood, and the result can be read within minutes, a bit like a pregnancy test. The other new method which has emerged is based on PCR (polymerase chain reaction) technology. This method looks for malaria DNA directly in the patient’s blood, using specific sequences of DNA that are unique to the malaria parasite. This method is expensive and takes several hours at minimum, but is very sensitive, and even very low levels of malaria can be detected.

Malaria in Australia and Bali

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QUESTION

Is Australia, Bali or Tasmania in the malaria affected area?

ANSWER

While malaria used to be endemic in parts of Australia (not Tasmania—it is too cold), the country was declared to be free of malaria transmission in 1981. However, several hundred cases are reported in Australia every year, mainly brought back by travellers returning from other regions, such as south-east Asia and Africa.

The tropical northern region of Australia, i.e. Northern Queensland and particularly the Torres Strait area, is climatically very suitable for malaria transmission, and some local outbreaks may occur. Similarly, Bali is climatically very suitable for malaria, and some transmission does occur, though not high levels. For both Bali and northern Australia, it is not usually considered necessary to take anti-malarial medication while visiting the region, but precautions should be taken against getting mosquito bites, as this is how malaria is transmitted. Such precautions include sleeping under an insecticide-treated bednet, wearing long-sleeved clothing in the evenings and at night, and wearing insect repellent on exposed skin.

Malaria in Haiti

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QUESTION

I just recently returned from Senegal, 60 days ago, in which I had taken Malaria medicine; Chloroquine. I am heading to Haiti in 5 days, and wondering if I am in need of taking Malaria medicine again, or was the time frame close enough that it would be fine to go without.

ANSWER

You are only protected against malaria while you are taking the anti-malarial prophylactic medicine. All of Haiti is considered at risk for malaria, and so you should talke anti-malarial medication throughout the duration of your stay, plus the required time afterwards (depending on which type of prophylactic medication you take). Chloroquine is considered suitable as an anti-malarial for Haiti, as is atovaquone-proguanil (Malarone), doxycycline and mefloquine (Lariam).

Insecticide Treated Bednets (ITNs) Research

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QUESTION

I want to know about the treated bed net, because I want research about the ITNs. So please help me find some reasearch papers.

ANSWER

There are a wealth of scientific studies on ITNs. I will list a few here, which in turn will lead you to many others through their cited references. I am purposefully mostly mentioning papers published in open access journals, since many others restrict unsubscribed readers to only the abstract and not the full paper.

Fever and Body Aches with Malaria

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QUESTION

Is bad throat and fever with with body ache the symptom of malaria?

ANSWER

While fever and body aches are certainly some of the symptoms associated with malaria, a sore throat is well common, but could be the result of enlarged lymph nodes. It is important to note that these symptoms are also present with many other diseases; in fact, the symptoms of malaria are so general that sometimes it is difficult to diagnose, and a blood test should be performed to confirm that a patient is indeed suffering from malaria before treatment is given.