Artemisinin Hailed as One of the Greatest Advances in Fight Against Malaria

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The Chinese drug artemisinin has been hailed as one of the greatest advances in fighting malaria, the scourge of the tropics, since the discovery of quinine centuries ago. Artemisinin’s discovery is being talked about as a candidate for a Nobel Prize in Medicine. Millions of American taxpayer dollars are spent on it for Africa every year. But few people realize that in one of the paradoxes of history, the drug was discovered thanks to Mao Zedong, who was acting to help the North Vietnamese in their jungle war against the Americans. Or that it languished for 30 years thanks to China’s isolation and the indifference of Western donors, health agencies and drug companies. [Read more…]

Mosquito Immune System Can Be Engineered to Block Malaria

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Researchers have demonstrated for the first time that the Anopheles mosquito’s innate immune system could be genetically engineered to block the transmission of the malaria-causing parasite to humans. In addition, they showed that the genetic modification had little impact on the mosquito’s fitness under laboratory conditions.

“The immune system of the Anopheles mosquito is capable of killing a large proportion—but not all—of the disease-causing parasites that are ingested when the mosquito feeds on an infected human,” said George Dimopoulos, PhD, senior author of the study and associate professor in the W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. “We’ve genetically engineered this immune system to create mosquitoes that are better at blocking the transmission of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. ”

For the study, Dimopoulos and his team genetically engineered Anopheles mosquitoes to produce higher than normal levels of an immune system protein Rel2 when they feed on blood. Rel2 acts against the malaria parasite in the mosquito by launching an immune attack involving a variety of anti-parasitic molecules. Through this approach, instead of introducing a new gene into the mosquito DNA, the researchers used one of the insect’s own genes to strengthen its parasite-fighting capabilities. According to the researchers, this type of genetically modified mosquito could be further developed and used to convert malaria-transmitting to Plasmodium-resistant mosquito populations. One possible obstacle for this approach is the fitness of the genetically modified malaria resistant mosquitoes, since they would have to compete with the natural malaria-transmitting mosquitoes. The researchers showed with their study that the Rel2 genetically modified mosquito strain lived as long, and laid as many eggs, as the non-modified wild type mosquitoes, thereby suggesting that their fitness had not become significantly impaired.

“Malaria is one of world’s most serious public health problems. Mosquitoes and the malaria parasite are becoming more resistant to insecticides and drugs, and new control methods are urgently needed. We’ve taken a giant step towards the development of new mosquito strains that could be released to limit malaria transmission, but further studies are needed to render this approach safe and fail-proof,” said Dimopoulos.
Worldwide, malaria afflicts more than 225 million people. Each year, the disease kills approximately 800,000, many of whom are children living in Africa.

Authors of “Engineered Anopheles immunity to Plasmodium infection” are Yuemei Dong, Suchismita Das, Chris Cirimotich, Jayme A. Souza-Neto, Kyle J. McLean and George Dimopoulos.

The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute is a state-of-the-art research facility at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. It focuses on a broad program of basic science research to treat and control malaria, develop a vaccine and find new drug targets to prevent and cure this deadly disease.

The researchers’ findings were published December 22, 2011 in the online journal PLoS Pathogens. Funding was provided by the National Institutes of Health and the Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute.

 

Source: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health

Researchers Introduce Technology to Manufacture Artemisinin in Tobacco Plants

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Combating malaria is one of the eight Millennium Development Goals described in the United Nations Millennium Declaration signed by all UN members at the year 2000. A key intervention to control malaria is prompt and effective treatment with artemisinin-based combination therapies. Artemisinin is a natural compound from Artemisia annua (sweet wormwood) plants, but low-cost artemisinin-based drugs are lacking because of the high cost of obtaining the natural or chemically synthesized drug. Despite extensive efforts invested in the last decade in metabolic engineering of the drug in both microbial and heterologous plant systems, production of artemisinin itself was never achieved.

Recently, Yissum Research Development Company of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem Ltd., the technology transfer arm of the University of Jerusalem, introduces a novel method allowing artemisinin production in a heterologous (that is, other than A. annua) plant system, such as tobacco. The method was developed by Professor Alexander Vainstein from the Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment at the Hebrew University, and sponsored by a fellowship of Mr. Isaac Kaye. It was published under the title “Generation of the Potent Anti-Malarial Drug Artemisinin in Tobacco” in the latest issue of the prestigious publication Nature Biotechnology.

Professor Vainstein and his graduate student Mr. Moran Farhi have developed genetically engineered tobacco plants carrying genes encoding the entire biochemical pathway necessary for producing artemisinin. In light of tobacco’s high biomass and rapid growth, this invention will enable a cheap production of large quantities of the drug, paving the way for the development of a sustainable plant-based platform for the commercial production of an anti-malarial drug. The invention is patented by Yissum, which is now seeking a partner for its further development.

Yaacov Michlin, CEO of Yissum said, “Professor Vainstein’s technology provides, for the first time, the opportunity for manufacturing affordable artemisinin by using tobacco plants. We hope that this invention will eventually help control this prevalent disease, for the benefit of many millions of people around the globe, and in particular in the developing world.”

Malaria is caused by a parasite called Plasmodium, which is transmitted via mosquitoes. Symptoms of malaria include fever, headache, and vomiting, and usually appear between 10 and 15 days after the mosquito bite. If not treated, malaria can quickly become life-threatening by disrupting the blood supply to vital organs.

More than 3 billion people are at risk of malaria. Every year, this leads to about 250 million malaria cases and nearly one million deaths. People living in the poorest countries are the most vulnerable.

Malaria is especially a serious problem in Africa, where 20% of childhood deaths are due to the effects of the disease and every 30 seconds a child dies from malaria.

Source: Business Wire

Researchers Cure Mice of Bloodstream Malaria Infection

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Researchers have discovered how malaria manipulates the immune system to allow the parasite to persist in the bloodstream. By rescuing this immune system pathway, the research team was able to cure mice of bloodstream malaria infections.

The findings could point the way to a new approach for treating malaria that does not rely on vaccination and is not susceptible to the parasite’s notorious ability to develop drug resistance.

“Malaria is chronic, prolonged infection and the host immune defense has a tough time clearing it and sometimes it never clears it,” says Noah Butler, Ph.D., UI postdoctoral research scholar at the University of Iowa,  and lead study author. “We’ve determined that this prolonged infection actually drives dysfunction of the immune cells that are supposed to be fighting the infection, which in essence allows further persistence of the parasite infection.”

More specifically, the study showed that the malaria parasite stimulate these key immune cells (known as CD4+ T cells) so that they continuously express molecules called inhibitory receptors. Under normal circumstances, these molecules help to “apply the brakes” to the immune response and prevent over-activation that can be harmful. However, by keeping the mechanism turned on, the malaria parasite damps down the immune response significantly, reducing the T cells’ ability to fight the parasite and allowing it to persist.

Importantly, the team also showed that blocking the action of the inhibitory receptor molecules resulted in immediate and complete clearance of the malaria parasite.

“When we blocked the function of these molecules, we took the brakes off the host’s immune response and everything got better — the overall immune response was dramatically improved and there was immediate control and accelerated clearance of the parasite,” says John Harty, Ph.D., professor of microbiology and pathology at the UI Carver College of Medicine and senior study author. “These findings suggest an alternative approach for the treatment of existing malaria infection.”

200 million malaria cases

More than half the world’s population is at risk of malaria, a mosquito-borne parasite that causes anemia and high fever and which can persist for weeks or months. There are more than 200 million cases of malaria each year and an estimated 800,000 children die from malaria annually.

Harty notes that the current study was done in mice and it is not yet known if the same approach will work in humans. However, two factors suggest the strategy may have potential. First, drugs that block inhibitory receptor molecules are available and currently being tested as cancer therapies. And second, the UI team found that malaria infection in humans does lead to increased expression of inhibitory receptors on CD4+ T cells suggesting that these molecules could represent a viable target for human therapies.

The human findings were the product of an important collaboration between the UI team and malaria researchers working in the sub-Saharan country of Mali. The Mali team based at the University of Bamako works in a sophisticated lab set up by the National Institutes of Health. In Mali’s dry season there are no mosquitoes, so there’s no malaria; in the wet season, the mosquitoes come out and malaria appears.

“Workers in the NIH lab obtained blood samples from malaria-free children at the end of the dry season, and then when some of the children returned to the clinic with malaria at the beginning of the next wet season they were treated immediately and the workers also took a second blood sample,” Harty explains. “This allowed us to analyze the blood for expression of this inhibitory molecule before and after infection and we found that the molecule went up after infection.”

Malaria further compromises immune system

A second collaboration, born closer to home, allowed Harty’s team to prove that it is the CD4+ T cells that are disrupted by the malaria infection.

Using a new technique that was developed in the lab of UI microbiologist Steve Varga, Ph.D., the researchers were able to track the behavior of the responding T cells during malaria infection. They found that chronic malaria infection led to sustained expression of the inhibitory receptor molecules on the surfaces of this type of T cell and also showed that the T cells’ ability to fight the parasite was significantly reduced.

The study also found that as the parasite persists the inhibitory receptor molecules remain upregulated and the immune system became more and more compromised.

“The T-cells are so over-stimulated that they eventually lose their function or even die — this is known as T-cell exhaustion,” Butler explains.

The concept that prolonged persistence of an “insult” to the immune system, such as cancer or chronic viral infections like HIV, disrupts and exhausts the immune response is well established. However, this study is the first time it has been shown for malaria. The study finding suggests that rescuing CD4+ T cells from exhaustion could be an effective strategy to control and clear bloodstream malaria infections.

The study was undertaken by University of Iowa researchers and colleagues, and was published Dec. 11, 2011 in the Advance Online Publication of the journal Nature Immunology.  In addition to Harty and Butler, UI researchers Lecia Pewe, Lorraine Tygrett, and Thomas Waldschmidt, Ph.D., also were involved in the study. The team also included Jacqueline Moebius and Peter Crompton from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases in Rockville, Md., and Boubacar Traore and Ogobara Doumbo from the Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Bamako in Mali.

The study was funded in part by grants from the NIH and the UI Department of Microbiology.

Source: University of Iowa Health Care Media Relations, 200 Hawkins Drive, Room W319 GH, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1009

Starving Malaria Parasites

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Researchers have developed an antimalarial agent that is effective at clearing infections caused by the malaria parasite most lethal to humans—by literally starving the parasites to death. The study by researchers at Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, carried out on a small number of non-human primates, could bolster efforts to develop more potent therapies against one of the world’s leading killers.

Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by single-celled parasites belonging to the Plasmodium genus. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that in 2008 (the latest year for which figures are available) between 190 million and 311 million cases of malaria occurred worldwide and between 708,000 and 1.003 million people died, most of them young children in sub-Saharan Africa. Plasmodium falciparum, the malaria species most likely to cause severe infections and death, is very common in many countries in Africa south of the Sahara desert.

The Einstein researchers exploited what is arguably P. falciparum’s Achilles’ heel: it can’t synthesize purines, vital building blocks for making DNA. Instead, the parasite must make purines indirectly, by using an enzyme called purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) to make a purine precursor called hypoxanthine. By inhibiting PNP, the drug BCX4945 kills the parasites by starving them of the purines they need to survive.

After BCX4945 showed potency against laboratory cultures of P. falciparum, owl monkeys were chosen as the non-human primate model for further testing of the drug. Three animals were infected with a strain of P. falciparum that is consistently lethal without antimalarial therapy. Orally administering BCX4945 twice a day for seven days cleared the infections from all the animals between the fourth and seventh day of treatment. The monkeys remained parasite-negative for up to nine days post-treatment. Parasitic infection eventually returned in all three monkeys after treatment ended, although a lower rate of parasitic growth was observed. No signs of toxicity were observed during the study period (30 days after the first dose).

BCX4945 belongs to a class of drugs known as transition state analogs that Dr. Schramm has been developing since 1994. Transition states form in every chemical change and whenever an enzyme does its job of converting one chemical (the substrate) into another (the product). The fleeting transition-state molecule is neither substrate nor product, but something in between—a ghostly intermediate to which the enzyme clings for just one billionth of a millionth of a second.

After figuring out the brief-lived transition-state structure for a particular enzyme, Dr. Schramm is able to design transition-state analogs to knock that enzyme out of action. The analogs closely resemble the actual transition-state structure but with one big difference: they powerfully inhibit the enzyme by binding to it and not letting go.

The transition-state analog BCX4945 was chosen for this study because of its high affinity for both P. falciparum PNP and human PNP (which the parasite obtains from the red blood cells it infects). Since PNP is abundant in mammalian red blood cells and those cells are constantly replaced, BCX4945 is toxic only to the parasite and not its mammalian hosts. (Two of Dr. Schramm’s other PNP inhibitors—one for T-cell cancers, the other for gout—are being evaluated in clinical trials.)

“Inhibiting PNP differs from all other current approaches for treating malaria,” said Dr. Schramm. “For that reason, BCX4945 fits well with the current World Health Organization protocols for malaria treatment, which call for using combination-therapy approaches against the disease.”

The study, published in the November 11, 2011 issue of PLoS ONE, was led by senior author Vern Schramm, Ph.D., professor and Ruth Merns Chair in Biochemistryat Einstein.

The paper is titled “Plasmodium falciparum Parasites Are Killed by a Transition State Analogue of Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase in a Primate Animal Model.”

Other Einstein researchers involved in the study were Steven Almo, Ph.D., lead author Maria Cassera, Ph.D. (now at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University), Keith Hazleton, M.D./Ph.D. candidate, Emilio Merino (now at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University), Meng-Chiao Ho, Ph.D., (now at Academia Sinica), Andrew Murkin, Ph.D., (now at SUNY Buffalo), and Jemy Gutierrez, Ph.D., (now at Pfizer). This research was supported primarily by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, part of the National Institutes of Health, and early aspects of the study were funded by Medicines for Malaria.

Source: Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University

Contrasting Patterns of Malaria Drug Resistance Found Between Humans and Mosquitoes

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A recent study has detected contrasting patterns of drug resistance in malaria-causing parasites taken from both humans and mosquitoes in rural Zambia.

Parasites found in human blood samples showed a high prevalence for pyrimethamine-resistance, which was consistent with the class of drugs widely used to treat malaria in the region. However, parasites taken from mosquitoes themselves had very low prevalence of pyrimethamine-resistance and a high prevalence of cycloguanil-resistant mutants indicating resistance to a newer class of antimalaria drug not widely used in Zambia.

The study was conducted by researchers at the Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute and their Zambian colleagues and the findings were published November 7, 2011 in the online edition of the journal PNAS.

Surveillance for drug-resistant parasites in human blood is a major effort in malaria control. Malaria in humans is caused by the parasite Plasmodium falciparum, which is spread from person to person through the feeding of the Anopheles mosquito. Over time, through repeated exposure to medications, the parasites can become less susceptible to drugs used to treat malaria infection, limiting their effectiveness.

“This contrast in resistance factors was a big surprise to us,” said Peter Agre, MD, an author of the study and director of the Johns Hopkins Malaria Institute. “The contrast raises many questions, but we suspect that the malaria parasite can bear highly host-specific drug-resistant polymorphisms, most likely reflecting very different selection preferences between humans and mosquitos.”

For the study, Sungano Mharakurwa, PhD, lead author and senior research associate with the Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute in Macha, Zambia, conducted a DNA analysis of P. falciparum found in human blood samples to those found in mosquitoes collected inside homes in rural Zambia. In samples taken from human blood, pyrimethamine-resistant mutations were greater than 90 percent and between 30 percent to 80 percent for other polymorphisms. Mutations of cycloguanil-resistance were 13 percent.

For parasites found in the mosquito midgut, cycloguanil-resistant mutants were at 90 percent while pyrimethamine-resistant mutants were detected between 2 percent and 12 percent.

“Our study indicates that mosquitoes exert an independent selection on drug resistant parasites—a finding that has not previously been noticed. If confirmed in other malaria endemic regions, it suggests an explanation for why drug resistance may appear so rapidly,” said Mharakurwa.

Worldwide, malaria afflicts more than 225 million people. Each year, the disease kills approximately 800,000, many of whom are children living in Africa.

Authors of “Malaria antifolate resistance with contrasting Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) polymorphisms in humans and Anopheles mosquitoes” are Sungano Mharakurwa, Taida Kumwenda, Mtawa A. P. Mkulama, Mulenga Musapa, Sandra Chishimba, Clive J. Shiff, David J. Sullivan, Philip E. Thuma, Kun Liu and Peter Agre.

The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute is a state-of-the-art research facility at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. It focuses on a broad program of basic science research to treat and control malaria, develop a vaccine and find new drug targets to prevent and cure this deadly disease.

Funding was provided by the Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the National Institutes of Health.

Source: Johns Hopkins University

Synthetic Artemisinin May Dramatically Lower Cost of Malaria Treatments

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Jay Keasling and his team have developed a synthetic form of the most commonly used malaria drug—artemisinin, which until now had to be extracted from the wormwood plant.

In partnership with One World Health and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, scientists use synthetic biology to produce artemisinin from the bacteria E. coli in huge brewery like tanks.”The goal is to increase the supply, then stabilize the price, then lower the price substantially,” Keasling said. He believes the price could eventually drop from several dollars a dose, to about 25 cents. It’s expected to be widely available early next year.

Read more, via abc7news.

Glaxo’s RTS,S Malaria Vaccine Shows Promise

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Preliminary results from the trial of a malaria vaccine show that it protected nearly half of the children who received it from bouts of serious malaria, scientists said Tuesday. The vaccine, known as RTS,S and made by GlaxoSmithKline, has been in development for more than 25 years, initially for the American military and now with most of its support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. [Read more…]

Study Finds Malaria Vaccine Candidate, RTS,S Significantly Reduces Malaria Risk in African Infants

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First results from a large-scale Phase III trial of RTS,S*, published online today in the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), show the malaria vaccine candidate to provide young African children with significant protection against clinical and severe malaria with an acceptable safety and tolerability profile. The results were announced today at the Malaria Forum hosted by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in Seattle, Washington.

Half the world’s population is at risk of malaria. The disease is responsible for close to 800,000 deaths each year, most of whom are children under five in sub-Saharan Africa

5 to 17 month-old children
The trial, conducted at 11 trial sites in seven countries across sub-Saharan Africa showed that three doses of RTS,S reduced the risk of children experiencing clinical malaria and severe malaria by 56 percent and 47 percent, respectively.

This analysis was performed on data from the first 6,000 children aged 5 to 17 months, over a 12-month period following vaccination. Clinical malaria results in high fevers and chills. It can rapidly develop into severe malaria, typified by serious effects on the blood, brain, or kidneys that can prove fatal. These first Phase III results are in line with those from previous Phase II studies.

The widespread coverage of insecticide-treated bed nets (75 percent) in this study indicated that RTS,S can provide protection in addition to that already offered by existing malaria control interventions.

6 to 12 week-old infants
The trial is ongoing and efficacy and safety results in 6 to 12 week-old infants are expected by the end of 2012. These data will provide an understanding of the efficacy profile of the RTS,S malaria vaccine candidate in this age group, for both clinical and severe malaria.

Combined data in 6 to 12 week-old infants and 5 to 17 month-old children
An analysis of severe malaria episodes so far reported in all 15,460 infants and children enrolled in the trial at 6 weeks to 17 months of age has been performed. This analysis showed 35 percent efficacy over a follow-up period ranging between 0 and 22 months (average 11.5 months).

“The publication of the first results in children aged 5 to 17 months marks an important milestone in the development of RTS,S,” said Irving Hoffman, PA, MPH, co-principal investigator at the Lilongwe site. “These results confirm findings from previous Phase II studies and support ongoing efforts to advance the development of this malaria vaccine candidate,” said Hoffman, who is also associate professor of medicine in the UNC School of Medicine.

Long-term efficacy
The RTS,S malaria vaccine candidate is still under development. Further information about the longer-term protective effects of the vaccine, 30 months after the third dose, should be available by the end of 2014. This will provide evidence for national public health and regulatory authorities, as well as international public health organizations, to evaluate the benefits and risks of RTS,S.

Safety
The overall incidence of serious adverse events (SAEs)** in this trial was comparable between the RTS,S candidate vaccine (18 percent) recipients and those receiving a control vaccine (22 percent)

Differences in rates of SAEs were observed between the vaccines groups for specific events, such as seizures and meningitis, and were higher in the malaria vaccine group. Seizures were considered to be related to fever and meningitis was considered unlikely to be vaccine-related. These events will continue to be monitored and additional information about the safety profile of the RTS,S malaria vaccine candidate will become available over the next three years.

“Making progress against this disease has been extremely difficult, and sadly, many have resigned themselves to malaria being a fact of life in Africa. This need not be the case,” said Francis Martinson, MPH, PhD, co-principal investigator in Lilongwe and country director of UNC Project-Malawi. “Renewed interest in malaria by the international community, and scientific evidence such as that we are reporting today, should bring new hope that malaria can be controlled.”

The vaccine is being developed in partnership by GSK and the PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative (MVI), together with prominent African research centers. The partners are all represented on the Clinical Trials Partnership Committee, which is responsible for the conduct of the trial. Major funding for clinical development comes from a grant by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to MVI.

About UNC Project-Malawi
UNC Project-Malawi, a research, clinical care and training center, was established in 1999 in partnership with the Malawi Ministry of Health. The mission of UNC Project-Malawi is to identify innovative, culturally acceptable, and relatively inexpensive methods of reducing the risk of HIV/STI and infectious disease transmission through research; strengthen the local research capacity through training and technology transfers; and improve patient care for the people of Malawi.

*RTS,S contains QS-21 Stimulon® adjuvant licensed from Antigenics Inc, a wholly owned subsidiary of Agenus Inc. (NASDAQ: AGEN), MPL and liposomes.

**A serious adverse event refers to any medical event that occurs during the course of a clinical trial and that results in death, is life threatening, requires inpatient hospitalization, or results in a persistent or significant disability or incapacity needs, regardless of whether the SAE is considered to be caused by the study vaccination. All SAEs are reported to regulatory authorities.

Source: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine

Malaria Global Clinical Trials Review – 2011

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Research and Markets has announced the addition of GlobalData’s new report “Malaria Global Clinical Trials Review, H2, 2011.”

The report provides elemental information and data relating to the clinical trials on Malaria. It includes an overview of the trial numbers and their recruitment status as per the site of trial conduction across the globe. The databook offers a preliminary coverage of disease clinical trials by their phase, trial status, prominence of the sponsors and also provides briefing pertaining to the number of trials for the key drugs for treating Malaria.

The report was built using data and information sourced from proprietary databases, primary and secondary research and in-house analysis by GlobalData’s team of industry experts.

Scope

  • Data on the number of clinical trials conducted in North America, South and Central America, Europe, Middle-East and Africa and Asia-pacific and top five national contributions in each, along with the clinical trial scenario in BRIC nations
  • Clinical trial (complete and in progress) data by phase, trial status, subjects recruited and sponsor type
  • Listings of discontinued trials (suspended, withdrawn and terminated)

Benefits of the Report

  • Helps readers understand the dynamics of a particular indication in a condensed manner
  • Provides an abridged view of the performance of the trials in terms of their status, recruitment, location, sponsor type and many more
  • Provides a list of discontinued  trials across the globe
  • Provides an overview of the commercial landscape of the major Universities / Institutes / Hospitals or Companies

Report Table of Contents

  • List of Tables
  • List of Figures
  • Introduction
  • Malaria
  • Report Guidance
  • Clinical Trials by Region
  • Clinical Trials by Country
  • Top Five Countries Contributing to Clinical Trials in Asia-Pacific
  • Top Five Countries Contributing to Clinical Trials in Europe
  • Top Countries Contributing to Clinical Trials in North America
  • Top Five Countries Contributing to Clinical Trials in Middle East and Africa
  • Top Countries Contributing to Clinical Trials in Central and South America
  • Clinical Trials by BRIC Nations
  • Clinical Trials by G7 Nations
  • Clinical Trials in G7 Nations by Trial Status
  • Clinical Trials by E7 Nations
  • Clinical Trials in E7 Nations by Trial Status
  • Clinical Trials by Phase
  • In Progress Trials by Phase
  • Clinical Trials by Trial Status
  • Unaccomplished Trials of Malaria
  • Subjects Recruited Over a Period of Time
  • Prominent Sponsors
  • Top Companies Participating in Malaria Therapeutics Clinical Trials
  • Prominent Drug Comparison
  • Clinical Trial Profiles
  • Clinical Trial Overview of Top Companies
  • GlaxoSmithKline plc
  • Clinical Trial Overview of GlaxoSmithKline plc
  • Pfizer Inc.
  • Clinical Trial Overview of Pfizer Inc.
  • Sanofi
  • Clinical Trial Overview of Sanofi
  • Novartis AG
  • Clinical Trial Overview of Novartis AG
  • Sigma-Tau S.p.A.
  • Clinical Trial Overview of Sigma-Tau S.p.A.
  • IPCA Laboratories Limited
  • Clinical Trial Overview of IPCA Laboratories Limited
  • EPICENTRE Biotechnologies
  • Clinical Trial Overview of EPICENTRE Biotechnologies
  • Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited
  • Clinical Trial Overview of Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited
  • Dafra Pharma International Ltd.
  • Clinical Trial Overview of Dafra Pharma International Ltd.
  • Sanaria Inc.
  • Clinical Trial Overview of Sanaria Inc.
  • PROTO PHARMA PVT. LTD.
  • Clinical Trial Overview of PROTO PHARMA PVT. LTD.
  • CPR Pharma Services Pty Ltd
  • Clinical Trial Overview of CPR Pharma Services Pty Ltd
  • Shanghai Wanxing Bio-Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.
  • Clinical Trial Overview of Shanghai Wanxing Bio-Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.
  • Mepha Ltd.
  • Clinical Trial Overview of Mepha Ltd.
  • Jomaa Pharma GmbH
  • Clinical Trial Overview of Jomaa Pharma GmbH
  • Treague Ltd
  • Clinical Trial Overview of Treague Ltd
  • Crucell Holland B.V
  • Clinical Trial Overview of Crucell Holland B.V
  • Lincoln Pharmaceuticals Ltd
  • Clinical Trial Overview of Lincoln Pharmaceuticals Ltd
  • Immtech Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
  • Clinical Trial Overview of Immtech Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
  • Royal DSM N.V.
  • Clinical Trial Overview of Royal DSM N.V.
  • Clinical Trial Overview of Top Universities / Institutes / Hospitals
  • The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
  • Clinical Trial Overview of The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
  • University of Oxford
  • Clinical Trial Overview of University of Oxford
  • Gates Malaria Partnership
  • Clinical Trial Overview of Gates Malaria Partnership
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Clinical Trial Overview of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  • London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
  • Clinical Trial Overview of London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
  • Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV)
  • Clinical Trial Overview of Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV)
  • Institute of Tropical Medicine
  • Clinical Trial Overview of Institute of Tropical Medicine
  • University of California, San Francisco
  • Clinical Trial Overview of University of California, San Francisco
  • Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative
  • Clinical Trial Overview of Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative
  • Radboud University
  • Clinical Trial Overview of Radboud University
  • University of Heidelberg
  • Clinical Trial Overview of University of Heidelberg
  • University of Cape Town
  • Clinical Trial Overview of University of Cape Town
  • African Malaria Network Trust
  • Clinical Trial Overview of African Malaria Network Trust
  • Hopital Albert Schweitzer
  • Clinical Trial Overview of Hopital Albert Schweitzer
  • DBL – Centre for Health Research and Development
  • Clinical Trial Overview of DBL – Centre for Health Research and Development
  • Hospital Clinic de Barcelona
  • Clinical Trial Overview of Hospital Clinic de Barcelona
  • Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement
  • Clinical Trial Overview of Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement
  • Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
  • Clinical Trial Overview of Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
  • Makerere University
  • Clinical Trial Overview of Makerere University
  • Menzies School of Health Research
  • Clinical Trial Overview of Menzies School of Health Research
  • Key Clinical Profiles
  • Appendix
  • Abbreviations
  • Definitions
  • Research Methodology
  • Secondary Research
  • About GlobalData

More information: Malaria Global Clinical Trials Review, H2, 2011

Source: Business Wire